Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.     

Determination of Electrical and Photoelectrical Properties of Schottky Diodes Made Using New Chitin Derivatives Synthesized as Interface Layer

Silicon - 5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-furoic acid and anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid were reacted separately with chitin. The synthesized products were characterized by various spectroscopic methods...     

超亲水毛细芯环路热管启动及热性能分析

为解决电子设备高热通量下的散热问题，采用H₂O₂氧化法对烧结毛细芯进行了超亲水改性，研究了毛细芯表面润湿性对吸液性能的影响。并将改性后的超亲水毛细芯应用到环路热管内，研究了倾斜角度及加热功率对超亲水毛细芯环路热管的换热特性的影响。实验结果表明：超亲水毛细芯的吸液速度增加，吸液时间较亲水毛细芯减小了3.52ms；与普通亲水毛细芯环路热管相比，在加热功率Q=200W时，超亲水毛细芯环路热管蒸发器中心温度降低了约6.0℃，在Q=20W时启动时间与温度分别降低了33s与2.5℃。同时发现超亲水毛细芯环路热管在正重力状态时的运行温度更低，热阻较小，最低热阻仅为0.084℃/W。     

Experimental Thermal Performance Characterization of Flat Grooved Heat Pipes

ABSTRACT

The thermal characterization of aluminum flat grooved heat pipes is performed experimentally for different groove dimensions. Three heat pipes with groove widths of 0.2?mm, 0.4?mm, and 1.5?mm are used in the experiments. The effect of the amount of the working fluid is extensively studied for each groove width. The results reveal that, although all three succeed in dissipating the heat input through the phase change of the working fluid by continuous evaporation and condensation, the effectiveness of the heat transfer increases with reduced groove width. Furthermore, it is observed that there exists an optimum operating point, where the temperature difference between the heating and cooling sections is at a minimum, and the magnitude of this temperature difference is a strong function of the groove width. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the combined effects of groove dimensions and the amount of the working fluid, from fully flooded to dry, is reported for the first time for aluminum flat grooved heat pipes.     

Disentangling age and cohorts effects on home-ownership and housing wealth in Turkey

This paper analyses the contribution of age and cohort effects on home-ownership and housing wealth in Turkey. I construct a pseudo-panel data set based on birth-year cohorts by using sixteen waves of the Turkish Statistical Institute Household Budget Surveys from 2003 to 2018. The empirical analysis reveals that young cohorts are less likely to own their homes, but they are more likely to have outstanding housing debt. Moreover, they are as willing to invest in second homes as older cohorts. I estimate a Heckman two-step selection model to distinguish the contribution of the improvement in the quality of new buildings to home values. As a result, I find that cohort effects on home values are significantly larger for young households even after controlling for age effects and the improvement in the quality of new buildings. Thus, the empirical findings show that young cohorts have a stronger housing demand than old cohorts.

     

Effect of Boronizing on Operating Stability of Steel AISI 304L under Erosion Impact of Hard Particles

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The effect of solid boronizing at 950°C for 2 and 4 h on the phase composition, microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear of steel AISI 304L is studied...